Then, we use the difference operator to extract the distinct foreground of the original image in which the interference of uneven illumination is effectively eliminated. In order to efficiently threshold images with nonuniform illumination, this paper proposes an efficient global binarization algorithm that estimates the inhomogeneous background surface of the original image constructed from the first k leading principal components in the Gaussian scale space (GSS). Although most images in industrial applications have fewer targets and simple image backgrounds, binarization is still a challenging task, and the corresponding results are usually unsatisfactory because of uneven illumination interference.
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